生物炭是指生物質(zhì)在缺氧或低氧環(huán)境下經(jīng)過熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化后的固體產(chǎn)物。在其他技術(shù)術(shù)語中，生物炭是指由有機(jī)材料（如木材、糞肥或葉子等生物質(zhì)）在有限的氧氣（O2））供應(yīng)以及相對較低的溫度（<700℃）條件下熱裂解后的產(chǎn)物。這個過程類似于木炭生產(chǎn)，這也許是人類發(fā)展最古老的工業(yè)技術(shù)。生物炭與一般木炭不同—-主要用作燃料—-其中一個主要應(yīng)用是作為土壤改良劑，改善土壤條件以及減少溫室氣體排放量。Biochar
is a solid material obtained from the carbonization thermochemical
conversion of biomass in an oxygen-limited environments. In more
technical terms, biochar is produced by thermal decomposition of organic
material (biomass such as wood, manure or leaves) under limited supply
of oxygen (O2), and at relatively low temperatures (<700°C). This
process mirrors the production of charcoal, which is perhaps the most
ancient industrial technology developed by humankind. Biochar can be
distinguished from charcoal—used mainly as a fuel—in that a primary
application is use as a soil amendment with the intention to improve
soil functions and to reduce emissions from biomass that would otherwise
naturally degrade to greenhouse gases.可持續(xù)發(fā)展的生物炭是一個有力簡單的工具，可以- 產(chǎn)生土壤增強(qiáng)劑，固碳，使土壤更加肥沃
- 生產(chǎn)清潔的可再生能源。在某些生物炭系統(tǒng)中，這四個目標(biāo)都可以達(dá)到，而在其他的，至少能達(dá)到兩個以上。
Sustainable
biochar is a powerfully simple tool that can 1) fight global warming;
2) produce a soil enhancer that holds carbon and makes soil more
fertile; 3) reduce agricultural waste; and 4) produce clean, renewable
energy. In some biochar systems all four objectives can be met, while in
others a combination of two or more objectives will be obtained.碳化是指通過還原熱處理將原料轉(zhuǎn)化成生物炭的過程。其中受到時間、熱量和壓力等因素影響，而這些因素會因不同設(shè)備以及原料有差異。有兩個主要過程：熱解或氣化。在生產(chǎn)生物炭的過程中，也會產(chǎn)生氣體或油狀的能源產(chǎn)品。這些能源產(chǎn)品可用于其它用途，或者可以簡單燃燒，釋放熱量。此外，生產(chǎn)生物炭可以利用各種各樣的生物質(zhì)原料。Carbonization
is the process of converting a feedstock into biochar through reductive
thermal processing. The process involves a combination of time, heat
and pressure exposure factors that can vary between processors,
equipment, and feedstocks. There are two main processes: pyrolysis or
gasification. Energy products in the form of gas or oil are produced
along with the biochar. These energy products may be recoverable for
another use, or may simply be burned and released as heat. In addition,
biochar can be made from a wide variety of biomass feedstocks.How do we know that biochar helps increase crop yields?目前有大量文獻(xiàn)資料量化描述了生物炭有利于提高農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量。過去幾年里，在熱帶地區(qū)對生物炭進(jìn)行了田間試驗(yàn)。大多數(shù)據(jù)顯示生物炭應(yīng)用到土壤中，對土壤養(yǎng)分都產(chǎn)生了積極的影響。
There
is a large body of peer-reviewed literature quantifying and describing
the crop yield benefits of biochar-amended soil. Field trials using
biochar have been conducted in the tropics over the past several years.
Most show positive results on yields when biochar was applied to field
soils and nutrients were managed appropriately.在土壤中使用木炭已有上千年歷史。最知名的例子是巴西肥沃的“黑土”(Terra Preta)，日本也有在土壤中使用木炭。巴西和日本的傳統(tǒng)都顯示了生物炭對土壤有積極影響。There
is also evidence from thousands of years of traditional use of charcoal
in soils. The most well-known example is the fertile Terra Preta soils
in Brazil, but Japan also has a long tradition of using charcoal in
soil, a tradition that is being revived and has been exported over the
past 20 years to countries such as Costa Rica. The Brazilian and
Japanese traditions together provide long-term evidence of positive
biochar impact on soils.雖然生物炭對土壤和氣候的影響是肯定的，但是一些生物炭的生產(chǎn)也值得探討。目前正在努力多樣化地在土壤中利用生物炭，實(shí)現(xiàn)生物炭價值最大化。While
the larger questions concerning overall biochar benefits to soils and
climate have been answered in the affirmative, significant questions
remain, including the need for a better understanding of some of the
details of biochar production and characterization. Work is ongoing to
develop methods for matching different types of biochar to soils for the
best results.How can biochar help farmers?使用生物炭可以改善土壤肥力。單獨(dú)使用，或以一定比例與肥料等農(nóng)用化學(xué)品組合添加到土壤中。當(dāng)時，這些營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)與生物炭組合使用時，可以減少其施用率。生物炭保存在土壤中，可以帶來多年的好處。當(dāng)將有機(jī)殘留物轉(zhuǎn)化成生物炭時，通過捕獲在生物炭生產(chǎn)過程中釋放出的能量，農(nóng)民也可以得到能量產(chǎn)量。在工業(yè)化國家和發(fā)展中國家，土壤流失和退化在以前所未有的速度出現(xiàn)，對土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)性能產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。在許多地區(qū)，土壤生產(chǎn)力的損失出現(xiàn)，盡管集約利用農(nóng)藥，對土水資源產(chǎn)生不利影響。生物炭在擴(kuò)大土壤可持續(xù)管理上發(fā)揮重要作用，可以通過改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的最佳管理實(shí)踐，不但提高土壤生產(chǎn)力還可以減少養(yǎng)分流失。Biochar
provides a unique opportunity to improve soil fertility for the long
term using locally available materials. Used alone, or in combinations,
compost, manure and/or agrochemicals are added at certain rates every
year to soils, in order to realize benefits. Application rates of these
can be reduced when nutrients are combined with biochar. Biochar remains
in the soil, and single applications can provide benefits over many
years. Farmers can also receive an energy yield when converting organic
residues into biochar by capturing energy given off in the biochar
production process. In both industrialized and developing countries,
soil loss and degradation is occurring at unprecedented rates, with
profound consequences for soil ecosystem properties. In many regions,
loss in soil productivity occurs despite intensive use of agrochemicals,
concurrent with adverse environmental impacts on soil and water
resources. Biochar can play a major role in expanding options for
sustainable soil management by improving upon existing best management
practices, not only to improve soil productivity but also to decrease
nutrient loss through leaching by percolating water. Can you add biochar to alkaline soils?大多數(shù)生物炭試驗(yàn)都是在酸性土壤中進(jìn)行，使用較高的pH值（例如6-10）生物炭。一項(xiàng)分別將生物炭加入酸性和堿性土壤的對比研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在酸性土壤中加入更有益農(nóng)作物生長，而在堿性土壤中加入效果不明顯。在另一項(xiàng)研究中，土壤中添加生物炭引起pH升高，當(dāng)pH值大于6時，由于微量元素出現(xiàn)不足，對產(chǎn)量有不利的影響。所以往堿性土壤中加入任何有石灰含量的物質(zhì)時，必須要謹(jǐn)慎。不過也有可能生產(chǎn)出適用于堿性土壤的生物炭。Most
biochar trials have been done on acidic soils, where biochars with a
high pH (e.g. 6-10) were used. One study that compared the effect of
adding biochar to an acidic and an alkaline soil found greater benefits
on crop growth in the acidic soil, while benefits on the alkaline soil
were minor. In another study, adding biochar to soil caused increases in
pH which had a detrimental effect on yields, because of micronutrient
deficiencies which occur at high pH (>6). Care must be taken when
adding any material with a liming capacity to alkaline soils; however,
it is possible to produce biochar that has little or no liming capacity
that is suitable for alkaline soils.How long does biochar persist in the soil?生物炭的特性取決于不同的原料以及生產(chǎn)方式。
生物炭一個統(tǒng)一特性，它在土壤中礦化的速度比其未碳化材料（原料）慢得多。大多數(shù)生物炭確實(shí)有一個小部分不穩(wěn)定（易分解）的碳，但通常更大部分是頑固的（穩(wěn)定）?？茖W(xué)家已經(jīng)證明，這種穩(wěn)定部分平均停留時間（即生物炭將在土壤中持續(xù)的時間估計(jì)）從幾十年到幾千年不等。
Biochar
is a spectrum of materials, and its characteristics vary depending upon
what it is made from and how it is made. One unifying characteristic of
biochars, however, is that it mineralizes in soils much more slowly
than its uncharred precursor material (feedstock). Most biochars do have
a small labile (easily decomposed) fraction of carbon but there is
typically a much larger recalcitrant (stable) fraction. Scientists have
shown that the mean residence time (the estimated amount of time that
biochar carbon will persist in soils) of this recalcitrant fraction
ranges from decades to millennia.Why is biochar persistence in soils important?生物炭并入土壤中的持久性之所以至關(guān)重要原因是生物炭的環(huán)境效益：首先，它決定了在生物炭的碳元素封存在土壤中和對氣候變化的減緩的持續(xù)時間；其次，它決定了生物炭對土壤和水的質(zhì)量效益的持續(xù)時間。The
persistence of biochar when incorporated into soils is of fundamental
importance in determining the environmental benefits of biochar for two
reasons: first, it determines how long carbon in biochar will remain
sequestered in soil and contribute to the mitigation of climate change;
and second, it determines how long biochar can provide benefits to soil
and water quality.How can biochar mitigate climate change?當(dāng)前大量農(nóng)林業(yè)廢棄物和其他生物質(zhì)都是燒毀或置之不理，這些都會分解從而釋放二氧化碳（CO2）和甲烷（CH4）-
大氣中兩個主要的溫室氣體（GHGs）。當(dāng)在全球范圍內(nèi)通過將億噸生物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化為生物炭，有研究表明，生物炭有潛力可以降低大氣中的溫室氣體濃度，以減緩全球氣候變化（Woolf等人,
2010）。Large
amounts of forestry and agricultural residues and other biomass are
currently burned or left to decompose thereby releasing carbon dioxide
(CO2) and/or methane (CH4)—two main greenhouse gases (GHGs)—into the
atmosphere. Under biochar conversion scenarios, easily mineralized
carbon compounds in biomass are converted into fused carbon ring
structures in biochar and placed in soils where they persist for
hundreds or thousands of years. When deployed on a global scale through
the conversion of gigatonnes of biomass into biochar, studies have shown
that biochar has the potential to mitigate global climate change by
drawing down atmospheric GHG concentrations (Woolf et al, 2010).生物炭產(chǎn)業(yè)成功與否依賴于碳市場？Does a successful biochar industry depend on carbon markets?生物炭可為農(nóng)民帶來直接的效益，以及許多其他可量化的環(huán)境效益，其中包括減緩氣候變化。盡管正在努力建立機(jī)制，以量化和貨幣化生物炭對環(huán)境的積極效應(yīng)——主要以碳抵消的形式——這只會增加對農(nóng)民和其他利益相關(guān)者現(xiàn)有的財(cái)政獎勵。
Biochar
offers direct, present day benefits to farmers of all sizes in the form
of greater crop productivity as well as numerous other quantifiable
environmental benefits, among them climate change mitigation. While
efforts are underway to develop mechanisms to quantify and monetize the
climate benefits of biochar—chiefly in the form of carbon offset
methodologies—these would only add to the existing financial incentives
for farmers and other stakeholders to adopt biochar.Is biochar production sustainable?生物炭的生產(chǎn)和使用包括一個復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)，它的可持續(xù)性涉及各種組件。在支持生物炭行業(yè)商業(yè)化發(fā)展的所有關(guān)鍵因素中，原料供應(yīng)和可持續(xù)產(chǎn)量問題是目前最重要的，無論是從可持續(xù)發(fā)展還是金融和商業(yè)角度上看。這將要求用于生物炭生產(chǎn)的生物質(zhì)來源的適當(dāng)性，并能夠承受整個生命周期分析。生物炭生產(chǎn)應(yīng)該利用廢物。當(dāng)前大量的農(nóng)業(yè)、市政和林業(yè)生物質(zhì)燒毀或分解釋放出二氧化碳和甲烷到大氣中。這些包括農(nóng)作物殘余物（如堅(jiān)果殼、果核等），食品、林業(yè)廢棄物和動物糞便。用這些材料制作生物炭將意味著與其他土地用途沒有競爭。
Biochar
production and use comprises a complex system and its sustainability
must be parsed out into various components. Of all the key factors that
will support the fastest commercialization of the biochar industry,
feedstock supply and sustainable yield issues are by far the most
important, from both a broad sustainability perspective and from the
financial and commercial points of view. This will require the sources
of biomass selected for biochar production to be appropriate and be able
to withstand a comprehensive life cycle analysis. Biochar can and
should be made from waste materials. Large amounts of agricultural,
municipal and forestry biomass are currently burned or left to decompose
and release CO2 and methane back into the atmosphere. These include
crop residues (both field residues and processing residues such as nut
shells, fruit pits, etc), as well as yard, food and forestry wastes, and
animal manures. Making biochar from these materials will entail no
competition for land with any other land use option.生物炭是改善土壤和土壤固碳的工具。但是這項(xiàng)技術(shù)必須通過尊重原住民的土地權(quán)利和支持健康自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的方式來實(shí)現(xiàn)。Biochar
can be a tool for improving soils and sequestering carbon in soil.
However, this technology as any other must be implemented in a way that
respects the land rights of indigenous people and supports the health of
natural ecosystems.What are the costs and benefits of producing and using biochar?生產(chǎn)和使用生物炭帶來的好處包括，減少廢物，能源合作生產(chǎn)，提高土壤肥力和結(jié)構(gòu)，減緩氣候變化。并非所有的這些好處都被計(jì)入當(dāng)前的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下，但未來在碳約束的經(jīng)濟(jì)下，減緩氣候變化效益可能被納入為經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。生物炭的部分效益被生產(chǎn)成本抵消了，主要涉及原料運(yùn)輸和加工。生物炭系統(tǒng)的盈利能力將受能源價格和減少溫室氣體排放影響。The
benefits that potentially flow from biochar production and use include
waste reduction, energy co-production, improved soil fertility and
structure, and climate change mitigation. Not all of these benefits are
accounted for under current economic systems, but under the carbon
constrained economies of the future, the climate mitigation benefit is
likely to be accounted for as an economic benefit. Biochar benefits are
partly offset by the costs of production, mainly hauling and processing
feedstocks. Profitability of biochar systems will be especially
sensitive to prices for energy and for greenhouse gas reductions and
offsets.
來源：國際生物炭協(xié)會International Biochar Initiative
0519-80686969
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